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Types Of Network

A Network is a group of computer that can share their resources with each other. A net can be small as a home or office network (LAN). It can be small as a two computers and also big as our internet.  Basically the entire network has been divided in to three types. There are many sub divisions also.

     1)      Local area Network (LAN)

2)      Metropolitan area Network (MAN) 
3)      Wide area Network (WAN)

Local area Network

LAN is defined as a small home or office network. Mainly it is used for sharing the local recourses of a company such as printers, files, Internet connection etc …, a LAN network can be wired or wireless. Most commonly used type is wired. In wired network an ‘ETHERNET’ cable is used to connect the computers each other. Cat5 and Cat6 are the examples for Ethernet cables. Now day’s Wireless networks are also familiar. It uses Wi-Fi signals to communicate with each other. A wireless router is used as an access point. And each system need a wireless receiver (wireless card) to receive the Wi-Fi signals. It is possible to use both wired and wireless networks in LAN.

Most commonly sharing resources in LAN

·         Printers

·         Fax

·         Files

·         Internet connection

·         Storage devices

·         Soft wares

2) Metropolitan area Network

MAN network connects computers in small or larger region. It is larger than a LAN and Smaller than WAN. It can be a city network which interconnects LAN networks. Network of colleges, hospitals and also some companies are examples for MAN. It uses Fiber optics cable for data transferring. And now days, wireless networks are also used.

 

1)      Wide area Network

Wide area network is that which covers a large area (beyond national boundaries) and interconnect computers worldwide. Internet is an example for WAN. Fiber optic channels and satellite connections are used for WAN communication.

Generations Of Software History

Software also have different generations based on the development of technology. It is divided in to five generations.
1) First generation
2) Second generation
3) Third generation
4) Fourth generation
5) Fifth generation

1) First generation

First generation of software language was known as Machine language. It use binary numbers (0,1) to communicate with the computer. And the machine language was directly executed by the CPU. It was very difficult to instruct the computer. And the programmers need so much of skill and knowledge to do this. In machine language, debugging process is much difficult than the creation of a program
2) Second generation
Second generation was marked by the invention of assembly language. This is a simple language compared to the machine language. It can operate by a single programmer. The program contains normal English words and the words have been translating to the machine language by assembly process.
3) Third generation
Third generation language is High-level language. This was much more user friendly than the second generation language. And it was independent of computer type. This language also should be translated to machine language. COBOL, ALGOL etc… are some examples for third generation.
4) Fourth generation
Fourth generation languages are the developed form of third generation language. These language have less error prone than third generation. And it helps to reduce the time and expense
5) Fifth generation
Fifth generation languages are created to solve a problem without a programmer. That means there is no need to create a algorithm for solving a problem.

Significant Events In Computer History

 In 1617 John Napier invented “Napier’s Bones” which has been using Ivory rods for calculating.

 In 1822 Charles Babbage introduced the “Difference engine”(Analytical engine) which is known as the Modern form of computers. And by this invention Charles Babbage was famous as the “father of computers”.
 In 1906 The vacuum tube was introduced by Lee de forest.
 In 1936 Alan turning publishesd “On computable Numbers”.
 In 1937 Atanasoff-Berry computer (ABC) was invented by John V.Atanasoff.
 In 1946 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was introduced
 In 1946 also the ENIAC was introduced(electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
 In 1949 EDSAC was created by Maurice Wilkes. And it was the first practical stored program computer
 In 1950 the UNIVAC- 1101 was built(it also known as ERA 1101). It was the first commercial computer in the history
 In 1952 IBM launched the “701”

Generations of Computer Hardware

The computer hardware have five generations.
1) First generation (1946-1956)
2) Second generation (1956-1964)
3) Third generation (1964-1970)
4) Fourth generation(1970 –till date)
5) Yet to come
But there are many different opinions in the timeline of computer history.
1) First generation
The first generation starts by the invention of Vacuum tubes. The Ram made by the vaccum tubes. Also it was the convenient method of data storage. And IBM made pluggable module using vaccum tubes.
Examples : IBM 650

2) Second generation
Second generation starts by the invention of Transistors. Transistors cause to reduce the size of computer and other electronic devices.It need only less electricity power. Transistors also generate less heat during working. A transistor can work as a resister and also as a transmitor
Examples : IBM 7090

3) Third generation
Invention of IC’s(Integrated circuits) marked the third generation. IC s are made by silicon chips which contain multiple transistors. The third generation computers occupy less space than second generation. Speed of computers also increased
Examples : IBM 360\91

4) Fourth generation
Fourth generation started from the invention of Micro Processors. Intel created the First micro processor. Invention Micro processors led to the creation of Personal Computers
Examples: Dual Core processors, Intel 13,I7 etc…..

Hardware And Software

Hardware

Hardware of a computer is the tangible contents or components connected to the computer directly or indirectly. Example; Key Board, Mouse, Monitor, Ram, Hard disk etc…..

Software

Software is a set of instructions. This contains the information about how to work. And what to do with the hardware components

Normally a computer can work without software. But the computer can’t do most of the tasks without software. And the software has been divided in to three sections

1) System software

2) Application software

3) Embedded software

1) System Software

System software is commonly known as Operating System (OS). As like the name it was instructing the computer’s hardware part for work. It makes a computer more user friendly. It acts as a interpreter between user and computer.

Examples: Microsoft Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, UBUNDU, Fedora, etc…

2) Application Software

Application software is used for the computer to do specified tasks. Such as opening a specified file, playing music files etc…

An application needs a plat form of operating system to function.

Examples: adobe reader, vlc player, Microsoft Office, etc…..

3) Embedded software

Embedded software is used in the computer peripherals which are not a real computer. And that devices doesn't have an OS. But these devices should have to store time, date etc… And also should work well with these instructions. And It also known as “Firmware”.

Example for the devices are firmware: External firewalls, modems, and computer CMOS etc…